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Microeconomics Lectures


Bad Decision - TED lecture (2/28/2014)

Bad decisions are made because people are bad at figuring out the odds and values of possible events.

Keywords: availability heuristic, expected value, gain, loss, odds, shifting comparisons

Bundling (9/27/2011)

Selling goods in a bundle could increase sellers' profit under certain demand and cost conditions.

Keywords: mixed bundling, profit maximization, pure bundling

Busy Bees cartoon (11/2/2011)

Honey bees tell an interesting story of how businesses settle payments for spillover costs and benefits among them.

Keywords: bees, Coase Theorem, external benefits, fable

Busy secretary - The principal-agent problem (11/2/2011)

The principal-agent conflict is endemic in employer-employee and supervisor-supervisee relationships.

Keywords: principal-agent problem

Coasian Bargaining & Property Rights (10/5/2017)

Efficient assignment of property rights could achieve efficient adverse impact without negotiation cost and Coasian bargaining.

Keywords: adverse impact, Coase, Coasian bargaining, externality, negotiation cost, pollution, property right

Complements and Substitutes (1/2/2012)

Complements and substitutes illustrate the difference between changes in quantity demanded vs changes in demand.

Keywords: complements, demand, quantity demanded, substitutes

Coordination Game and Congestion Game (11/2/2011)

Multi-party coordination game and congestion game.

Keywords: congestion game, coordination game

Cost-efficient pollution control (11/2/2011)

Pollution tax could lead to lower-cost pollution reduction than a uniform pollution reduction quota.

Keywords: cost efficiency, pollution control, pollution tax, quota

Critical-mass Game and Gender Preference Game (11/2/2011)

Multi-party binary-choice games.

Keywords: critical mass, gender preference

Demand Elasticity and Total Revenue (11/2/2011)

A linear downward-sloping demand curve has a range of demand elasticities and an inverted U-shaped total revenue curve under single pricing.

Keywords: demand elasticity, elastic demand, inelastic demand, total revenue

Eat Your Cake Now (11/2/2011)

Who doesn't like to eat their cake and have it at the same time?

Keywords: budget deficit, IOU, Social Security, Trust Fund

External Benefit and External Cost (11/2/2011)

External cost and external benefit exist because some property rights have not been clearly defined and enforced. Their existence leads to misallocation of resources.

Keywords: Coase Theorem, external benefit, external cost, externality, property rights

Gaining from Comparative Advantage (8/9/2011)

Production through partial or complete specialization can increase total output and with trade total consumption can also be increased

Keywords: comparative advantage, opportunity cost

If It Is Too Good To Be True! (10/8/2017)

The simple-minded addiction to the efficient market hypothesis can lead to super-rational behavior.

Keywords: cartoon, efficient market, rationality

Invisible-hand Game and Prisoner's Dilemma Game (11/2/2011)

Games involving binary choices can be better illustrated with N number of players rather than just two players. The invisible-hand game and the prisoner's dilemma game are featured examples in this first in a series of 3 video lectures on game theory.

Keywords: binary choices, game theory, invisible hand game, payoff matrix, PD game, prisoner's dilemma

Is Somebody Watching? (10/8/2017)

People behave better when they suspect others are watching.

Keywords: behavioral economics, cartoon, mirror, situational honesty

Law of Diminishing Returns (11/2/2011)

The Law of Diminishing Returns says that when some inputs are fixed in capacity in the short run, increasing the variable input working with the fixed inputs would first lead to increasing additional output per additional unit of variable input, but eventually decreasing additional output per additional unit of variable input after the optimal capacity of the fixed input has been exceeded.

Keywords: increasing returns, law of diminishing returns, marginal product, MP, production function, variable proportions

Lemonade Economics (11/2/2011)

Lemonade sale illustrates the difference between change in demanded vs change in quantity demanded.

Keywords: change in demand, change in quantity demanded, lemonade

Life Is Illogical (10/8/2017)

Intransitive choices are illogical but make life manageable.

Keywords: Arrow Impossibility Theorem, intransitive choices

Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost (11/2/2011)

Marginal cost and average total cost can be derived from the short-run total cost subject to the law of diminishing returns.

Keywords: ATC, average total cost, law of diminishing returns, marginal cost, MC, TC, total cost

Marginal Cost, Average Variable Cost and Average Fixed Cost (11/2/2011)

Marginal cost, average variable cost and average fixed cost can be derived from a short-run production function subject to the law of diminishing returns.

Keywords: AFC, AVC, average fixed cost, average variable cost, law of diminishing returns, marginal cost, MC

My Prom Dates (11/2/2011)

Opportunity cost is the best available opportunity you need to give up for a given choice.

Keywords: minimum wage, opportunity cost, prom dates

Please Sit Down! (8/22/2012)

A prisoner's dilemma results when people compete for limited positional goods. Individually smart, but collectively dumb.

Keywords: basketball game, economics cartoon, positional goods, prisoner's dilemma

Price Gouging - Historical vs Opportunity Cost cartoon (10/8/2017)

Pricing at opportunity cost rather than historical cost can solve market shortages. In other words, "price gouging" can be an unsung hero.

Keywords: cartoon, historical cost, opportunity cost, price gouging, scarcity, shortage

Price Gouging? - Historical Cost vs Opportunity Cost cartoon (4/12/2013)

Pricing at opportunity cost rather than historical cost can solve market shortages. In other words, "price gouging" can be an unsung hero.

Keywords: economics cartoon, flashecon, historical cost, opportunity cost, price gouging, Storm Sandy

Prisoner's Dilemma (11/2/2011)

Individually smart, collectively dumb.

Keywords: confession, prisoner's dilemma, robbery, trust

Private Goods vs Public Goods (11/2/2011)

Public goods cannot or do not exclude non-paying users and your consumption does not reduce others' consumption.

Keywords: consumption rivalry, excludability, private goods, public goods

Profit Maximization Under Natural Monopoly (1/23/2012)

Natural monopoly with decreasing average total cost can still make profit by equating marginal revenue with marginal cost while achieving economic efficiency through price discrimination.

Keywords: ATC, average total cost, marginal cost, marginal revenue, MC, MR, natural monopoly, price discrimination, profit maximization, regulation, single pricing, total revenue, total willingness to pay, TWP

Profit Maximization of Price Takers (11/2/2011)

As one of many small firms, price takers are powerless to set price. They set the max-profit output by equating price with marginal cost.

Keywords: perfect competition, price taker, profit maximization

Profit maximization under single pricing (11/2/2011)

Single-price searchers maximize profit by setting a uniform price where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost.

Keywords: diminishing returns, marginal cost, marginal revenue, MR=MC, price searcher, profit maximization, single pricing

Profit vs Efficiency Maximization (11/2/2011)

Pricing modes determine the conflicts between profit maximization and efficiency maximization.

Keywords: consumer surplus, economic surplus, efficiency maximization, perfect price discrimination, price taking, profit maximization, single pricing

Scoop Your Poop (11/2/2011)

Enforceable property rights reduce external costs.

Keywords: enforcement costs, external costs, fence, property rights

Sharp Shooters - nudging in action cartoon (10/8/2017)

If you want your toilet floor clean, make urinal use into a target practice. A little nudging can go a long way.

Keywords: cartoon, externality, nudging, spillover effect, target practice, urinal

Should parking be free? (11/2/2011)

Free parking generates lower total benefit when parking spaces are scarce.

Keywords: consumer surplus, free parking, paid parking

Supply and demand (11/2/2011)

Market prices and quantities supplied and demanded are determined by the interactions between supply and demand.

Keywords: demand, demand shift, excess demand, excess supply, price determination, shortage, supply, supply shift, surplus

Tax incidence and supply-demand elasticity (11/2/2011)

Supply and demand elasticities determine who ultimately pays sales taxes.

Keywords: demand elasticity, sin tax, supply elasticity, tax incidence

Too Little vs Too Much Panda-ing (3/12/2015)

You could have too little or too much of a good thing.

Keywords: choice paralysis, information, panda, too much vs too little

Tragedy of the Commons (11/2/2011)

Unlimited entry could easily lead to over-exploitation of commons resources.

Keywords: AP, average product, commons, marginal product, MP, over-exploitation, tragedy

Wealth Inequality in America (3/6/2013)

Infographics on the distribution of wealth in America, highlighting both the inequality and the difference between our perception of inequality and the actual numbers. The reality is often not what we think it is.

Keywords: wealth distribution, wealth inequality

Who Has Comparative Advantage? (11/2/2011)

Comparative advantage in a two-goods, two-workers economy can be identified easily by comparing the relative slopes of their linear production functions.

Keywords: comparative advantage, PPC, PPF, production function, production possibilities curve, production possibilities frontier

Your Customers Are My Customers (11/2/2011)

When it comes to external benefits, appearance could be deceptive.

Keywords: common ownership, external benefits, hamburger, ice cream, social costs, Steven Cheung